Deuteronomy 24:1-4 [show/hide]Deuteronomy 24:1-4
Laws Concerning Divorce
[24:1]"When a man takes a wife and marries her, if then she finds no favor in his eyes because he has found some indecency in her, and he writes her a certificate of divorce and puts it in her hand and sends her out of his house, and she departs out of his house, [2]and if she goes and becomes another man's wife, [3]and the latter man hates her and writes her a certificate of divorce and puts it in her hand and sends her out of his house, or if the latter man dies, who took her to be his wife, [4]then her former husband, who sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after she has been defiled, for that is an abomination before the LORD. And you shall not bring sin upon the land that the LORD your God is giving you for an inheritance. (ESV)

When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favor in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house.
And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be another man’s wife.
And if the latter husband hate her, and write her a bill of divorcement, and giveth it in her hand and sendeth her out of his house; or if the later husband die, which took her to be his wife;
Her former husband, which sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomination before the Lord: and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.
It appears here that only the man had the authority concerning divorce. Perhaps this was true in early times, but later, especially in Christian times, a woman had the right under certain circumstances.
In Israel, the right to divorce was also a right to re-marry; a legal divorce was the absolute end of marriage. In Matt. 19 [show/hide]Matthew 19
Teaching About Divorce
[19:1]Now when Jesus had finished these sayings, he went away from Galilee and entered the region of Judea beyond the Jordan. [2]And large crowds followed him, and he healed them there.
[3]And Pharisees came up to him and tested him by asking, "Is it lawful to divorce one's wife for any cause?" [4]He answered, "Have you not read that he who created them from the beginning made them male and female, [5]and said, 'Therefore a man shall leave his father and his mother and hold fast to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh'? [6]So they are no longer two but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let not man separate." [7]They said to him, "Why then did Moses command one to give a certificate of divorce and to send her away?" [8]He said to them, "Because of your hardness of heart Moses allowed you to divorce your wives, but from the beginning it was not so. [9]And I say to you: whoever divorces his wife, except for sexual immorality, and marries another, commits adultery."
[10]The disciples said to him, "If such is the case of a man with his wife, it is better not to marry." [11]But he said to them, "Not everyone can receive this saying, but only those to whom it is given. [12]For there are eunuchs who have been so from birth, and there are eunuchs who have been made eunuchs by men, and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. Let the one who is able to receive this receive it."
Let the Children Come to Me
[13]Then children were brought to him that he might lay his hands on them and pray. The disciples rebuked the people, [14]but Jesus said, "Let the little children come to me and do not hinder them, for to such belongs the kingdom of heaven." [15]And he laid his hands on them and went away.
The Rich Young Man
[16]And behold, a man came up to him, saying, "Teacher, what good deed must I do to have eternal life?" [17]And he said to him, "Why do you ask me about what is good? There is only one who is good. If you would enter life, keep the commandments." [18]He said to him, "Which ones?" And Jesus said, "You shall not murder, You shall not commit adultery, You shall not steal, You shall not bear false witness, [19]Honor your father and mother, and, You shall love your neighbor as yourself." [20]The young man said to him, "All these I have kept. What do I still lack?" [21]Jesus said to him, "If you would be perfect, go, sell what you possess and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me." [22]When the young man heard this he went away sorrowful, for he had great possessions.
[23]And Jesus said to his disciples, "Truly, I say to you, only with difficulty will a rich person enter the kingdom of heaven. [24]Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the kingdom of God." [25]When the disciples heard this, they were greatly astonished, saying, "Who then can be saved?" [26]But Jesus looked at them and said, "With man this is impossible, but with God all things are possible." [27]Then Peter said in reply, "See, we have left everything and followed you. What then will we have?" [28]Jesus said to them, "Truly, I say to you, in the new world, when the Son of Man will sit on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. [29]And everyone who has left houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or children or lands, for my name's sake, will receive a hundredfold and will inherit eternal life. [30]But many who are first will be last, and the last first. (ESV)
Jesus did not change their meaning of divorce. The question then was: for what reason may one lawfully seek a divorce? [see notes e-h, Matt. 5:31-32 [show/hide]Matthew 5:31-32
Divorce
[31]"It was also said, 'Whoever divorces his wife, let him give her a certificate of divorce.' [32]But I say to you that everyone who divorces his wife, except on the ground of sexual immorality, makes her commit adultery, and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery. (ESV)
for definitions of divorce, fornication etc.] For wording of ancient Jewish divorce decree, see not f, Mk. 10:4 [show/hide]Mark 10:4
[4]They said, "Moses allowed a man to write a certificate of divorce and to send her away." (ESV)
. According to the Gospel [Matt. 5:31-32 [show/hide]Matthew 5:31-32
Divorce
[31]"It was also said, 'Whoever divorces his wife, let him give her a certificate of divorce.' [32]But I say to you that everyone who divorces his wife, except on the ground of sexual immorality, makes her commit adultery, and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery. (ESV)
; 19:1-9; Mk. 10:1-8 [show/hide]Mark 10:1-8
Teaching About Divorce
[10:1]And he left there and went to the region of Judea and beyond the Jordan, and crowds gathered to him again. And again, as was his custom, he taught them.
[2]And Pharisees came up and in order to test him asked, "Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife?" [3]He answered them, "What did Moses command you?" [4]They said, "Moses allowed a man to write a certificate of divorce and to send her away." [5]And Jesus said to them, "Because of your hardness of heart he wrote you this commandment. [6]But from the beginning of creation, 'God made them male and female.' [7]'Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and hold fast to his wife, [8]and the two shall become one flesh.' So they are no longer two but one flesh. (ESV)
; Lk. 16:18 [show/hide]Luke 16:18
Divorce and Remarriage
[18]"Everyone who divorces his wife and marries another commits adultery, and he who marries a woman divorced from her husband commits adultery. (ESV)
], Moses wrote the law on divorce because of hardness of the heart of the people; and except for fornication one must not divorce his wife [Mt.5:31; note b, 19:19]; except for fornication, if one puts away his wife he causes her to commit adultery [Mt. 5:32; 19:9]; and except for fornication dissolving a marriage, one who marries her that is put away, commits adultery.
All hardness-of-heart divorces for any and every cause are wrong, and only those for a scriptural reason give the right to re-marriage.
The man or woman who get a divorce without scriptural grounds cause sin by forcing each other to marry someone he or she has no right to.
In Paul’s writings we find one more scriptural reason for divorce – willful desertion because of Christ and the Gospel [1 Cor. 7:12-15 [show/hide]1 Corinthians 7:12-15
[12]To the rest I say (I, not the Lord) that if any brother has a wife who is an unbeliever, and she consents to live with him, he should not divorce her. [13]If any woman has a husband who is an unbeliever, and he consents to live with her, she should not divorce him. [14]For the unbelieving husband is made holy because of his wife, and the unbelieving wife is made holy because of her husband. Otherwise your children would be unclean, but as it is, they are holy. [15]But if the unbelieving partner separates, let it be so. In such cases the brother or sister is not enslaved. God has called you to peace. (ESV)
]
[sendeth her out of his house v 3] – This is the same as put away in the N.T. See not e, Matt. 5:31 [show/hide]Matthew 5:31
Divorce
[31]"It was also said, 'Whoever divorces his wife, let him give her a certificate of divorce.' (ESV)
.
[Her former husband v4] – This is in contrast with some modern teaching that a second marriage, which may have come about while the couple were yet in sin, should be broken up at the time of their becoming Christians, so that one or both might return to former companions. Such a theory is not supported in either testament. The nearest instructions we have to this are those in 1Cor.7:10-16 where a Christian woman who leaves her husband without getting a divorce, is required to remain unmarried or be reconciled to him.
A woman divorced and remarried was considered defiled as far as her former companion was concerned, but not as far as the new husband was concerned or God’s law would not have tolerated her marriage to him [v4]. The word defiled as used here refers to that which is illegal. The word is used in various ways. Dinah was defiled by the prince of Shechem [Gen. 34:4, 13, 27 [show/hide]Genesis 34:4
[4]So Shechem spoke to his father Hamor, saying, "Get me this girl for my wife." (ESV)
]; a woman committing adultery is spoken of as defiled [Num 5:13-14, 20, 27-29 [show/hide]Numbers 5:13-14
[13]if a man lies with her sexually, and it is hidden from the eyes of her husband, and she is undetected though she has defiled herself, and there is no witness against her, since she was not taken in the act, [14]and if the spirit of jealousy comes over him and he is jealous of his wife who has defiled herself, or if the spirit of jealousy comes over him and he is jealous of his wife, though she has not defiled herself, (ESV)
]: a person was defiled if he touched a dead body [Num. 6:9, 12 [show/hide]Numbers 6:9
[9]"And if any man dies very suddenly beside him and he defiles his consecrated head, then he shall shave his head on the day of his cleansing; on the seventh day he shall shave it. (ESV)
; 9:6-7]; and sowing different seeds in a vineyard defiled the fruit [Dt. 22:9].
Reason for Divorce: [Dt. 24:1]
Heb. ‘ervah’, trans. Uncleanness [v1]; shame [Isa. 20:4 [show/hide]Isaiah 20:4
[4]so shall the king of Assyria lead away the Egyptian captives and the Cushite exiles, both the young and the old, naked and barefoot, with buttocks uncovered, the nakedness of Egypt. (ESV)
]; and nakedness [Gen. 9:22-23 [show/hide]Genesis 9:22-23
[22]And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father and told his two brothers outside. [23]Then Shem and Japheth took a garment, laid it on both their shoulders, and walked backward and covered the nakedness of their father. Their faces were turned backward, and they did not see their father's nakedness. (ESV)
; 42:9, 12; Ex. 20:26 [show/hide]Exodus 20:26
[26]And you shall not go up by steps to my altar, that your nakedness be not exposed on it.' (ESV)
; 28:42; Lev. 18:6-19 [show/hide]Leviticus 18:6-19
[6]"None of you shall approach any one of his close relatives to uncover nakedness. I am the LORD. [7]You shall not uncover the nakedness of your father, which is the nakedness of your mother; she is your mother, you shall not uncover her nakedness. [8]You shall not uncover the nakedness of your father's wife; it is your father's nakedness. [9]You shall not uncover the nakedness of your sister, your father's daughter or your mother's daughter, whether brought up in the family or in another home. [10]You shall not uncover the nakedness of your son's daughter or of your daughter's daughter, for their nakedness is your own nakedness. [11]You shall not uncover the nakedness of your father's wife's daughter, brought up in your father's family, since she is your sister. [12]You shall not uncover the nakedness of your father's sister; she is your father's relative. [13]You shall not uncover the nakedness of your mother's sister, for she is your mother's relative. [14]You shall not uncover the nakedness of your father's brother, that is, you shall not approach his wife; she is your aunt. [15]You shall not uncover the nakedness of your daughter-in-law; she is your son's wife, you shall not uncover her nakedness. [16]You shall not uncover the nakedness of your brother's wife; it is your brother's nakedness. [17]You shall not uncover the nakedness of a woman and of her daughter, and you shall not take her son's daughter or her daughter's daughter to uncover her nakedness; they are relatives; it is depravity. [18]And you shall not take a woman as a rival wife to her sister, uncovering her nakedness while her sister is still alive.
[19]"You shall not approach a woman to uncover her nakedness while she is in her menstrual uncleanness. (ESV)
; 20:11-21; 1 Sam. 20:30 [show/hide]ERROR: No passage found for your query.
; Isa. 47:3 [show/hide]Isaiah 47:3
[3]Your nakedness shall be uncovered,
and your disgrace shall be seen.
I will take vengeance,
and I will spare no one.
; Lam. 1:8 [show/hide]Lamentations 1:8
[8]Jerusalem sinned grievously;
therefore she became filthy;
all who honored her despise her,
for they have seen her nakedness;
she herself groans
and turns her face away.
; Eze.16:36-37; 22:10; 23:10, 18, 29; Hos. 2:9 [show/hide]Hosea 2:9
[9]Therefore I will take back
my grain in its time,
and my wine in its season,
and I will take away my wool and my flax,
which were to cover her nakedness.
].
It comes from ‘arah’, which means to make bare; empty; destitute; discover; make naked; uncover. The idea here is that of discovering or uncovering something in the wife that was not known before to the husband. Exactly what is included in the word ‘uncleanness’ in this connection is not known. Judging from the word as translated above it would be something of the nature of shame, disappointment, and extreme dislike. If the uncleanness refers to moral sin, as in 22:13-21, the earlier law demanded the death penalty. Perhaps Moses, seeing that by carrying out the letter of such law there would be frequent executions because of the extreme laxity of morals among the Israelites; and he thus modified the law by permitting a wife, in some cases, to clear herself by a solemn oath [Num .5:11-31], and in other cases, allowing the husband to put his wife away privately without bringing her to trial [v1-4; Matt.1:19].
The rival schools of Hillel and Shammai in he days of Christ interpreted this ‘uncleanness’ different ways. Shammai held that it referred only to moral and criminal sins of adultery; but Hillel contended that it referred to anything disliked by the husband, even though it was something trivial [notes e-h Matt. 5:31-32 [show/hide]Matthew 5:31-32
Divorce
[31]"It was also said, 'Whoever divorces his wife, let him give her a certificate of divorce.' [32]But I say to you that everyone who divorces his wife, except on the ground of sexual immorality, makes her commit adultery, and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery. (ESV)
; note m, 19:3; notes e-h Mk. 10:1-9 [show/hide]Mark 10:1-9
Teaching About Divorce
[10:1]And he left there and went to the region of Judea and beyond the Jordan, and crowds gathered to him again. And again, as was his custom, he taught them.
[2]And Pharisees came up and in order to test him asked, "Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife?" [3]He answered them, "What did Moses command you?" [4]They said, "Moses allowed a man to write a certificate of divorce and to send her away." [5]And Jesus said to them, "Because of your hardness of heart he wrote you this commandment. [6]But from the beginning of creation, 'God made them male and female.' [7]'Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and hold fast to his wife, [8]and the two shall become one flesh.' So they are no longer two but one flesh. [9]What therefore God has joined together, let not man separate." (ESV)
]. Christ sanctioned the teaching of Shammai; and if we are to take Him as interpreting the ‘uncleanness’ of this passage as fornication, then that is the nearest explanation of it in Scripture [Matt .5:32; 19:9]
The various translations are as follows:
Young, nakedness of anything;
Rotherham, some matter of shame;
Peshitta, some evidence of prostitution in her;
Berkeley, something improper in her;
Moffat, found her immodest in some ways;
Septuagint, found something unseemly in her;
Fenton, found repulsive qualities in her.
All this seems to indicate a serious moral sin.
Whatever the intended thought, it is clear that divorce was not commanded here, but permitted because of the hardness of hearts [v1; Mt.19:8]; that both divorced parties were free to re-marry [v2]; that the first husband could not take the wife a second time; and that taking the same woman a second time was an abomination to God [v3-3].
Such things must be understood in the light of several things; that a wife became the actual property of the husband and he became her lord and master [Ex. 21:7-11 [show/hide]Exodus 21:7-11
[7]"When a man sells his daughter as a slave, she shall not go out as the male slaves do. [8]If she does not please her master, who has designated her for himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He shall have no right to sell her to a foreign people, since he has broken faith with her. [9]If he designates her for his son, he shall deal with her as with a daughter. [10]If he takes another wife to himself, he shall not diminish her food, her clothing, or her marital rights. [11]And if he does not do these three things for her, she shall go out for nothing, without payment of money. (ESV)
; 1 Cor. 11:3 [show/hide]1 Corinthians 11:3
[3]But I want you to understand that the head of every man is Christ, the head of a wife is her husband, and the head of Christ is God. (ESV)
; Eph. 5:22-33 [show/hide]Ephesians 5:22-33
Wives and Husbands
[22]Wives, submit to your own husbands, as to the Lord. [23]For the husband is the head of the wife even as Christ is the head of the church, his body, and is himself its Savior. [24]Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit in everything to their husbands.
[25]Husbands, love your wives, as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her, [26]that he might sanctify her, having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word, [27]so that he might present the church to himself in splendor, without spot or wrinkle or any such thing, that she might be holy and without blemish. [28]In the same way husbands should love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself. [29]For no one ever hated his own flesh, but nourishes and cherishes it, just as Christ does the church, [30]because we are members of his body. [31]"Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and hold fast to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh." [32]This mystery is profound, and I am saying that it refers to Christ and the church. [33]However, let each one of you love his wife as himself, and let the wife see that she respects her husband. (ESV)
; Col. 3:18 [show/hide]Colossians 3:18
Rules for Christian Households
[18]Wives, submit to your husbands, as is fitting in the Lord. (ESV)
; 1 Pet. 3:5-7 [show/hide]1 Peter 3:5-7
[5]For this is how the holy women who hoped in God used to adorn themselves, by submitting to their own husbands, [6]as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord. And you are her children, if you do good and do not fear anything that is frightening.
[7]Likewise, husbands, live with your wives in an understanding way, showing honor to the woman as the weaker vessel, since they are heirs with you of the grace of life, so that your prayers may not be hindered. (ESV)
]; that easy divorces were a common thing in those days among all nations; that Israel had been influence greatly by such nations and were in the habit of obtaining divorces for the most frivolous excuses; and that Moses simply tolerated certain practices because of the harness of the hearts of Israel.
Hence this special law of limiting divorce for the one cause of uncleanness, was needed.
- Dake Annotated Reference Bible : page 237, notes Dt. 24:1-4.